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Immune Checkpoint Inhibition Solid Tumours

The current evidence on 28 claims, ordered from most established to most contested. Each score is the panel’s evidence certainty — how firmly the literature supports the claim as stated.

28claims tracked
131primary papers reviewed
9 Aug 2026latest evidence review
Weeklyre-scored against new papers
17 Established · 10 Likely · 1 Uncertain · 0 Doubtful  |  four-reviewer panel · PICO Framework
ClaimStandingEvidence certaintyCorpus
Immune checkpoint inhibitor plus tyrosine kinase inhibitor versus tyrosine kinase inhibitor alone in renal cell carcinomaRCCEstablished94%5
Enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy in advanced urothelial carcinomaUrothelialEstablished93%3
Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in non-squamous non-small cell lung cancerNsclcEstablished92%12
Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinomaHCCEstablished91%6
Anti-PD-1 monotherapy versus chemotherapy in melanomaMelanomaEstablished91%5
Pembrolizumab first-line in microsatellite instability-high metastatic colorectal cancer versus chemotherapyMsiEstablished91%3
Pembrolizumab monotherapy in PD-L1≥50% non-small cell lung cancerNsclcEstablished91%15
Nivolumab plus ipilimumab five-year overall survival in melanoma ~52%MelanomaEstablished90%5
Avelumab maintenance overall survival in urothelial carcinomaUrothelialEstablished90%3
Adjuvant anti-PD-1 therapy in resected melanomaMelanomaEstablished89%5
Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in intermediate/poor-risk renal cell carcinomaRCCEstablished88%4
Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy in platinum-refractory urothelial carcinomaUrothelialEstablished88%3
Nivolumab plus chemotherapy in gastric/gastro-oesophageal junction cancer, combined positive score ≥5GastroEstablished87%5
Immune checkpoint inhibitor durable response in mismatch repair-deficient pan-tumour settingMsiEstablished87%3
Perioperative pembrolizumab in resectable non-small cell lung cancerNsclcEstablished86%9
Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus chemotherapy in PD-L1≥1% non-small cell lung cancerNsclcEstablished86%9
Pembrolizumab monotherapy versus EXTREME regimen in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, combined positive score ≥1HnsccEstablished85%5
Tremelimumab plus durvalumab versus sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinomaHCCLikely84%3
Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy benefit in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, combined positive score ≥20HnsccLikely84%3
Adjuvant nivolumab in oesophageal cancer after chemoradiotherapyGastroLikely83%3
PD-L1 imperfect cross-tumour biomarkerBiomarkersLikely80%4
PD-L1 unreliable biomarker in renal cell carcinomaRCCLikely78%4
Tumour mutational burden-high predicts immune checkpoint inhibitor benefit independent of microsatellite instabilityMsiLikely75%5
Tumour mutational burden improves prediction in PD-L1-low tumoursBiomarkersLikely71%4
Corticosteroids first-line for immune-related adverse eventsIraesLikely70%3
Immune checkpoint inhibitor rechallenge after severe immune-related adverse event is feasibleIraesLikely70%4
Tocilizumab for steroid-refractory immune-related adverse eventsIraesUncertain62%3
Track Immune Checkpoint Inhibition Solid Tumours.
These claims are re-scored against new papers every week. Track this topic for the full review, including each claim’s challenge and the papers behind it.
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Standing — what the evidence certainty means
Established≥ 85%Strong, consistent evidence. Unlikely to change.
Likely70–84%Well supported, with some gaps or indirect evidence.
Uncertain50–69%Mixed or limited evidence. Genuinely open.
Doubtful30–49%Little support; the weight of evidence leans against it.
Refuted< 30%The evidence contradicts it — confidently false as stated.
Where the evidence sits in time
Early evidenceMost of this evidence is from the last two years.